The Art of Formation Flying

Every air show around the globe shares one common aspect to the stunning performances that are performed in competition. By this I am talking about formation flying. When you look up at the sky and see the perfectly symmetrical shapes the airplanes are in, it almost looks too easy. In fact, formation flight is one of the more difficult and hazardous parts of airshows, and if not done correctly it can result in disaster.

The basic formation flight begins with a briefing on the ground including verifying who is the lead, #2, #3, and #4 of the flight. Also the altitude, route, multicom frequency (usually 122.75), and weather are all important factors to be aware of before takeoff. Tail left or right echlon, staggered left or right echlon, finger tip, and diamond are all popular methods of formation flight that pilots regularly use. In flight, the lead always squawks 1200 (VFR) on the transponder and keeps his landing light on, while the rest leave their transponders and landing lights off.

Takeoff and climb usually result in flights of two with a lead and a wingman. The wingman always keeps the lead in sight diagonally in front of him, while both planes climb out at a slow speed to allow other airplanes to catch up. During cruise all airplanes are extremely close so caution must be exercised at all times. All turns should be made at 20 degrees or less and airspeed, altitude, and heading must be maintained constantly. When it comes time for the aircraft to break apart for landing each wingman slows down and turns 45 degrees from the lead in front of him. This is done until there is only the main lead in front of all the other airplanes in a tail formation. Landing is completed similar to takeoff when the planes approach in flights of two on a normal wide runway, with the lead two aircraft landing by touching down long, followed by the next flight of two aircraft landing short. These basic principles, along with plenty of practice and experienced pilots, can lead to an impressive and professional formation.